The most widespread pollutants in the city of Košice

Ammonia

Ammonia is a colourless gas or liquid with suffocating and penetrating odour. In case of leakage from the tanks or the evaporation, a large quantity of cold fog is evapored .The fog is heavier than air. These vapors can inflame at high temperature. Ammonia is high- soluble in water, in water solution it forms high-corrosive explosive mixture that is a little combustible. 
Health threat
Liquid and gas highly irritates and bites the eyes, respiratory system, lungs, skin and mucous membranes. Ammonia causes an irritant cough and convulsions can cause suffocation. Skin contact causes strong frostbites. Inhalation of a higher concentration causes death.
First aid 
Remove victims into fresh air. Transport them to an emergency care facility immediately. In case of apneusis give artificial breathing immediately. The affected parts of the body have to be rinsed with water immediately and covered with sterile bandage. If the eyes are affected, rinse them with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing. Keep the pacient warm and calm. Call a doctor. 

Chlorine 
A greenish yellow, nonflammable gas with acrid odour. It is heavier than air, toxic and corrosive. Chlorine with moist air forms mist (it reacts with water vapor). The liquid is clear amber. It combines with almost all the elements, sharply with the organic matters!!! 
Health threat
Breathing chlorine causes high-inhalation effects (mucous membranes, respiratory system, eyes and lungs irritation). It evokes suffocation. High concentration may cause lung oedema. effects of chlorine can occure in two days. It can also irritate skin. The liquid causes frostbites. 
First aid
Remove victim into fresh air, put him into the recovery position and release him close parts of clothes. If the victim's breathing has stopped, artificial respiration immediately. Rinse affected parts of the body immediately with water and cover both eyes with a sterile bandage, coat the frostbites, rinse eyes with non-contaminated water or 3% of the edible soda solution for 10 to 15 minutes, away from nose. Remove contaminated clothing. In providing assistance use protective equipment!!! Keep the pacient warm and calm. Call a doctor. 

Carbon monoxide 
colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. It is a little easier than air. In case of leakague it forms flammable and explosive, 
highly toxic cloud. Carbon monoxide is soluble in water and also high toxic. 
Health threat
Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause brain damage and death. It binds to hemoglobin and reduces uptake of oxygen. At high concentration carbon monoxide causes death after a few breaths. People have headaches, dizziness, upset stomach, choke, convulsions and breath paralysis occurs. 
First aid
victims immediately into to fresh air and call a doctor.

Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas, a colorless, odorless, nonflammable, low-reactive, non-toxic, a heavier than air. It is a normal component of the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide at normal pressure in an unbound form occurs as a gas. The unstable solid form at normal pressure is known as dry ice. Higher concentrations can cause a slightly acid taste in the mouth. 
Health threat
Manifested symptoms are such as headache, dizziness, tinnitus, blackout, loss of motion ability. At high concentration a carbon dioxide can cause suffocation. In snow form it can cause frostbites. Gas leak at higher concentration in closed area can cause death.
First aid
Remove victims by use of insulating respirometer into fresh air. Keep them warm and calm. If the victim's breathing has stopped, artificial respiration. If liquid carbon dioxide come into contact with skin (cold burns occurs), rinse its with water minimum 15 minutes, then cover with the sterile bandage and call a doctor. 

Sulfur dioxide 
is a non-reactive, colorless, with the pungent odor, well soluble in water. Fogs formed in evaporation are heavier than air and have a corrosive effect. 
Health threat
Sulfur dioxide extremely irritates eyes, respiratory tract and lungs. It can damage the vocal chords, irritable cough and suffocating cough occurs. It causes unconsciousness and death. 
First aid
Remove victim into fresh air. Rinse the affected parts of the body with water and cover them with a sterile bandage immediately, rinse eyes with uncontaminated water for 10 to 15 minutes away from nose. Remove contaminated clothing. Keep the patient calm, ensure supply of oxygen eventually. Call a doctor.

Ethylene
Ethylene is a colorless liquid with treacly odor. It evaporates quickly and forms cold fog. Ethylene gas is heavier than air. Ethylene reacts with air and creates an explosive mixture. It is little soluble in water and low-toxic. 
Health threat
yes and respiratory system. It has a narcotic effect. It can cause paralysis of the respiratory centre, frostbites, sleepiness, dizziness and unconsciousness. 
First aid
Remove victim to fresh air, put him into the recovery position and release him close parts of the clothing. Affected parts of body rinse with water immediately and cover them with sterile bandage, coat frostbites, rinse eyes with non-contaminated water for 10 to 15 minutes away from nose.

Propane - butane
Propane-butane is a colorless liquid gas with faint odor that rapidly evaporates an forms cold fog and explosive mixture. Commercial product contains malodours admixture. It is sparingly soluble in water 
Health threat
It has narcotic effects, causes sleepiness, dizziness, nausea, muscular asthenopia, states of irritation and unconsciousness. 
First aid 
Remove victim to fresh air, put him into the recovery position and release him close parts of the clothing. Wash affected parts of body with water, do not paint frost-bitten place! 

Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde sharp odor, highly soluble in water. Formaldehyde gas can enter the body by inhalation or by contact with skin or eyes. Formaldehyde is readily absorbed by the lungs. Its half-life in blood is about 90 seconds. 
Health threat
Formaldehyde strongly irritates the eyes, nose and throat. It is highly irritating to the airways associated with the pressure and pain in the breasts, head, irregular heartbeat, orientation failure. It causes anxiety and depression. 
First aid 
Keep patient calm, change his clothes and wash affected areas, rinse the eyes and mouth with uncontaminated water. 

Acetylene 
Acetylene is a colorless pure gas with ether odor. Technical product is garlic-smelling. It is nontoxic, hydrosoluble, extremely inflammable and fiery. 
Health threat
Acetylene causes nausea, headache, vomiting, lethargy, unconsciousness. At high concentration it acts as a narcotic.
First aid 
ease the close clothes of affected. Apply artificial respiration if breathing stopped and call a doctor. Keep patient warm. Affected can be transported only in the lying position.

Gasoline 
Gasoline is acolorless liquid with a distinct odor. Commercial products use to be colored. Its vapors form explosive mixtures that are heavier than air. A gasoline does not react with water. 
Health threat
Exposure to vapour concentrations can cause drunken behaviour, headache, vomiting. 
First aid
Remove victim from contaminated area, place in the recovery position and release him part of the clothing. Rinse the affected parts of the body and eyes with uncontaminated water for 10 to 15 minutes away from nose. Give artificial respiration. Give reassuring substance to tranquilization.
Natural gas (it contents methane particularly) 
s a colorless liquid. Its vapors form cold mist and explosive mixture that fast spread. Mist is heavier than air. 

Natural gas
Natural gas is colorless and lighter than air. 
Health threat
Natural gas may cause narcotic effects, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, unconsciousness. 
First aid 
Remove victim into fresh air, put him into the recovery position and release him clothes. Give artificial respiration. 

Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide ishighly flammable, colorless, highly toxic liquid with the odor of bitter almonds. 
It burns with a violet flame. Liquid evaporates very quickly. Hydrogen cyanide gas forms explosive mixture with air. It is completely soluble in water. 
Health threat
Hydrogen cyanide is a very dangerous poison, that effects on the respiratory cells of the body (sudden poisoning). Into the body it cuts across all the gates of entry. 
First aid

Move victims to fresh air, remove contaminated clothing. Keep patient calm. Give artificial respiration. Try toinduce vomiting. Have victim drink a lot of water. Do not give oxygen!!! Needed a doctor!!!

Carbon disulphide 
Carbon disulphide is a highly flammable, colorless to faintly yellow liquid with pure volatile odor. Polluted carbon disulphide unpleasantly smells. Its vapors form explosive mixtures in air and are highly toxic. It burns with a blue cold flame (misfire paper). 
Health threat
It has narcotic effects, acting on the central nervous system. Organism sensitivity is individual. 
First aid 
Remove victims to fresh air, remove contaminated clothing. In case of apneusis give artificial respiration. In case of heart disease or heart failure give indirect heart massage. 
Needed a doctor!!! 

Oxygen 
Oxygen is a colourless, non-toxic, supporting burning gas. Reactivity is the most important characteristics of oxygen. It binds with most of elements. Oxidation and combustion processes are realized in oxygen-enriched environs considerably faster than in the air. In regard to that property, the oxygen is necessary for a lot of industrial applications. It is highly explosive in contact with grease.